商业攻略CSS纳什维尔

这CSS纳什维尔was the first Confederate warship to be recognized by Great Britain when the commerce raider arrived in Southampton, Great Britain, on November 21, 1861. This caused a diplomatic estrangement between Great Britain and the United States simultaneously with the infamous Trent Affair. Virtually trapped in Southampton by USS图斯卡罗拉，，，，thanks to the British Foreign Enlistment Act,纳什维尔was able to escape and run through the blockade into Beaufort, North Carolina. The纳什维尔ended its commerce raiding career when it was sold to become a blockade runner at Georgetown, South Carolina. Nevertheless, CSS纳什维尔在同盟国寻求欧洲认可方面发挥了重要作用。

快速邮件蒸笼

这纳什维尔是由布鲁克林格林波因特（Greenpoint）的威廉·科利（William Collyer）建造的快速螺丝蒸锅，并于1853年9月22日推出。纳什维尔maintained a passenger run between New York and Charleston, South Carolina. The ship’s characteristics were as follows:

吨位：1,221吨；Length: 215.6 ft.

梁：34.6英尺；Draft: 21.9 ft.

速度：14.5节

纽约新奇的铁工厂建造了单螺杆的一侧杠杆发动机和两个锅炉。这纳什维尔was bark-rigged with two masts. The ship had a crew of 40 officers and men.[1]

第一海军射击

On the late afternoon of April 11, 1861,纳什维尔从纽约经常跑步时，查尔斯顿港（Charleston Harbour）靠近。机组人员注意到查尔斯顿酒吧的一个大中队。当桨手接近频道时，USRCHarriet Lane接近并开了一枪，在SS面前跳过纳什维尔。迅速提高美国国旗，纳什维尔steamed into the harbor unmolested. This cannon shot was the first naval fire of the Civil War.[2]

一个真正的英雄命令

同盟政府迅速抓住了轮船，并被任命为CSS纳什维尔，transformed into a warship by its commander Lieutenant Robert Baker Pegram. A member of one of the First Families of Virginia, Pegram was appointed midshipman on February 2, 1829. He had a very distinguished naval career. Pegram served under David Glasgow Farragut during the Mexican War and participated in Perry’s Japan expedition. In 1855 he was assigned to the 16-gun sidewheeler frigate USSPowhatan在东印度中队。这Powhatan，，，，与HMS一起Rattler，，，，helped capture a pirate flotilla in the Pearl River, China.

Pegram的英雄主义和领导层促使弗吉尼亚州的联邦向他赠送一把银剑。后来，他在巴拉圭探险队和戈斯波特海军院子里服役。当联邦政府在1861年4月21日凌晨放弃时，佩格拉姆（Pegram）承担了院子的指挥。然后，他建造了俯瞰南斯蒙德河入口的猪角电池，并与哈里埃特（Uss Harriet Lane）进行了决斗，迫使该枪船撤退。然后，PEGRAM被详细介绍为CSS的指挥官纳什维尔docked at Charleston, South Carolina.[3]

当Pegram到达查尔斯顿时，他武装了 纳什维尔 with two British-built bronze 6-pounders and strengthened the steamer’s engines. The guns were placed in pivots. No one believed that 纳什维尔 ’s frame could support any heavier armament.[4] The 纳什维尔 had been selected for a special assignment: transporting Confederate commissioners to Europe — John Mason, envoy to Great Britain, and John Slidell, envoy to France.

Pegram考虑了这些职责，并选择了他的船员，并选择了他的军官：

*Charles M. Fauntleroy，第一中尉

*John M. Bennett, 2nd lieutenant

*William Conway Whittle, 3rd lieutenant

*John Ingraham, master

*John L. Auchrum, surgeon

*Richard Taylor, paymaster

*詹姆斯·胡德（James Hood），首席工程师

这se men were supported by several midshipmen including: Dalton, Bullock, Sinclair, Cary, Pegram, Hamilton, Thomas, and McClintock.[5]

THE TRENT AFFAIR

Despite these orders and preparations, the two envoys thought that it might be wiser to go to Cuba via the fast blockade runner戈登（重命名西奥多拉). Once in Havana, Slidell and Mason booked passage on the Royal Mail Steamer特伦特。RMS特伦特was a sidewheeler built in 1841 for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. As soon as the war had started the British had made a proclamation of neutrality dated May 13, 1861. This recognized the Southern rebellion. American ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, protested this action. Britain did nothing to resolve Adams’s complaint.

这United States and Great Britain had been at diplomatic odds since the 1840s, and tensions only increased through 1861. Union intelligence thought that the two Confederate envoys had gone to Great Britain in Nashville. A fast gunboat, USS约翰·阿尔格（John Alger），在到达英国之前，被派去俘虏同盟特使。但是，这被证明是一个不成功的使命。

It was not until mid-October that Captain Charles Wilkes of圣哈辛托发现斯莱德尔（Slidell）和梅森（Mason）通过封锁跑步者到达了古巴。威尔克斯（Wilkes）是一位著名的探险家和导航学生，对新的海军技术非常感兴趣。尽管他的才华横溢，但威尔克斯还是有争议的，很难与之服务，并且很难接受。什么时候圣哈辛托arrived in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, on October 13, 1861, Wilkes learned about the capture of Union merchant ships by CSSSumter在古巴附近。

因此，威尔克斯蒸到岛上以追踪同盟国巡洋舰。当他到达古巴Cienfuegos时，维克斯得知，两名同盟特使计划在RMS上航行到英国特伦特。He stopped the mail packet November 8 and removed Mason and Slidell. Eventually he took his prisoners to Fort Warren in Boston Harbor. Northerners proclaimed him a hero; however, news reached Britain of the illegal stoppage of特伦特11月21日，英国抗议并将部队迁至加拿大，因为两国之间的战争显得显着。这特伦特最终，通过英国外交大臣罗素勋爵和美国国务卿威廉·苏德（William Seward）的努力解决了事情。[6]

同时，联邦政府驻扎在查尔斯顿（Charleston）附近的四个盖帽手，以捕获纳什维尔and the two Confederate envoys. Pegram knew he needed to escape and plotted his attempt on the night of October 21, 1861. Even though Pegram had anchored small boats to define the edge of the main channel leading out of Charleston, he ran temporarily aground. Nevertheless. Pegram was still able to make the Atlantic as纳什维尔留在月光下，逃避了盖帽者。侧轮于10月30日到达百慕大的圣乔治。在那里，他融合了船，与CSS的指挥官詹姆斯·布洛克（James Bullock）会面Fingal。

首先捕获

Pegram于11月5日离开百慕大，并为南安普敦（Southampton）塑造了一门路线。在路上，纳什维尔encountered the clipperHarvey Birchat 9 a.m. on November 19, 1861, off the west coast of Ireland. The clipper was commanded by Captain M. Nelson sailing from Le Havre to New York in ballast. Pegram raised the Confederate flag and demanded the ship’s surrender. Once he had transferred the officers, crew and passengers, along with all of the navigation instruments, Pegram set fire toHarvey Birch。快船被完全摧毁。纳什维尔于11月21日到达南安普敦，并释放了41名囚犯Harvey Birch.佩格拉姆（Pegram）指出，他的船“享受着第一个在英格兰水域中悬挂同盟国国旗的战争船的区别。”[7]

希望认可

立刻纳什维尔到达了英国港口的pegram了解到特伦特事件和思想“这是“英格兰与美国之间早期破裂的很有可能，我决心等待结果。”[8] Pegram与当时的征服者使节与英国威廉·扬西（William L. Yancey）联系，向他带回了同盟国。考虑到所有的动荡特伦特婚外情，Yancey拒绝了这一提议。直到斯莱德尔和梅森被释放后，外交斗争才结束。

pegram recognized that纳什维尔was in serious need of overhaul. The steamer had been damaged during its Atlantic crossing and entered drydock at Southampton. The British Foreign Enlistment Act forbade Pegram from strengthening his ship for military purposes. Nevertheless, he was allowed to make repairs to place the ship in the same condition as when the sidewheeler left Charleston.

DISSENT WITHIN

pegram had also realized during the trip across the Atlantic that there were several disloyal crew members. Shortly after the sidewheeler’s arrival in Southampton, an attempt was made to set纳什维尔afire. The perpetrator was not discovered. Pegram noted that within days of the fire several crew members deserted and he was sure the the culprit was one of those deserters. [9]

CAPTURE OR DESTROY THAT SHIP

这Federals dispatched USS图斯卡罗拉去南安普敦捕获或下沉纳什维尔。这steam sloop was a ninety-day gunboat built by Merrick & Sons of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The ship was laid down on June 27, launched on August 24, and commissioned on December 5, 1861. The图斯卡罗拉was a怀俄明州-class screw sloop able to make 11 knots.

当这艘军舰遇到纳什维尔its armament consisted of :

1 XI-inch Dahlgren;6 32-pounders; and1 30-pounder Parrott rifle[10]

该巡洋舰由突尼斯·奥古斯都·麦克唐纳（Augustus MacDonough Craven）指挥官船长。克雷文（Craven）于1829年进入美国海军，并于1841年晋升为中尉。戴尔一世n太平洋中队，后来命令大篷车Libertad,克雷文（Craven）以美国海岸调查的20年服务而闻名。战争开始时，克雷文指挥了螺丝皮十字军1861年，他为联盟获得了基韦斯特（Key West）。[11]

克雷文（Craven）的船于1862年1月8日到达，并保持了非常紧密的封锁纳什维尔。这图斯卡罗拉’s commander stated his “intention was to await the egress of纳什维尔”[12], then destroy the raider. Craven kept such a close watch on纳什维尔该pegram向金钟提出了投诉，因为他认为这违反了英国的中立行为：一艘好战的船只无法阻止英国港口内的另一艘船。这图斯卡罗拉’s actions raised indignation amongst the British government and the public at large in light of the recent特伦特Affair.

ACT OF NEUTRALITY

这Admiralty warned the sloop’s commander not to violate the neutrality laws. To avoid any conflict, both ships were ordered to leave British waters within a specific time. Pegram, who knew that图斯卡罗拉could easily outgun his ship, requested that the British implement the 24- hour rule. This meant that the ship that left first forced the other warship to wait one day before chasing their enemy’s vessel. So, when纳什维尔left Southampton on February 3, 1862, “to prevent any breach of faith, the English frigate HMSShannon，，，，with steam up and guns shotted, lay alongside of the Federal vessel.”[13]

这纳什维尔reached St. George, Bermuda, on February 20. There, Pegram obtained coal and secured a skilled pilot, Mr. J. Beveridge, to guide the steamer into Beaufort, North Carolina. The Confederate paddler left Bermuda on February 24 and at dawn on the 26th, Pegram spotted a schooner off his bow. It was罗伯特·吉尔菲兰（Robert Gilfillan），，，，commanded by Captain Smith, sailing from Philadelphia to Haiti with a load of provisions. Pegram hoisted the United States flag as did罗伯特·吉尔菲兰（Robert Gilfillan）。这纳什维尔的指挥官派遣约翰·英格拉汉（John Ingraham）登上大篷车，以审查该船的论文。

英格拉汉将信号回到纳什维尔which prompted Pegram to replace the US flag with that of the Confederate States of America. Thus,罗伯特·吉尔菲兰（Robert Gilfillan）was made a prize. The seas were too heavy to transfer the cargo, so Pegram took the captain and crew, a total of seven men, along with their personal effects. Then the merchant ship was set ablaze and纳什维尔向Beaufort蒸。[14]

诡计

2月28日黎明纳什维尔接近Bogue声音的入口。PEGRAM只注意到一艘船，USSState of Georgia。罗伯特·吉尔菲兰（Robert Gilfillan），had thought the ship was the steamer USSKeystone Stateas the Confederate steamer was then flying the United States flag. “As soon, however,” Pegram noted, “as I passed her I ordered the United States flag to be hauled down and hoisted the Confederate flag at the foremost head and at the peak, while my pennant was run up at the main.”

Realizing the trickery before him, Armstrong fired twenty-one shots at纳什维尔，都缺少。Pegram“通过射击一把枪来回答敌人的致敬，发现浪费更多粉末毫无用处。”这纳什维尔passed Fort Macon and shortly thereafter docked at Morehead City, North Carolina. [15]

伯恩赛德的进步

Upon arrival in Morehead City, Pegram went to Richmond for instructions about纳什维尔’s future. He returned to the ship and informed the officers and crew that the commerce raider had been sold for use as a blockade runner. Pegram stripped the ship of all of its charts, navigational instruments, and armament. He then took most of the crew to Richmond. They boarded one of the last trains to leave Morehead City as Major General Ambrose Burnside captured New Bern, North Carolina, on March 14, closing off any escape via train through that city.

Pegram离开了William Conway Whittle中尉的小号纳什维尔。惠特尔（Whittle）于1841年1月16日出生于弗吉尼亚州的诺福克（Norfolk）。年轻的惠特尔（Whittle）于1858年从USNA毕业。他首先在约克和詹姆斯·里弗斯的水电池中服役，直到他详细介绍了CSS纳什维尔as 3rd lieutenant.

伯恩赛德的部队迅速前往莫尔黑德市和纳什维尔’S捕获似乎是不可避免的。惠特尔（Whittle）没有图表，导航乐器和骨架船员可以帮助他逃脱。尽管他做准备摧毁船，但年轻军官还是决定试图出海。他获得了一名飞行员Gooding上尉，以帮助他逃脱。

运行封锁

3月17日(联邦会到达围困Fort Macon six days later), Whittle met with the commander of Fort Macon, Colonel Moses White. Whittle advised White that he intended to try to run past the blockaders that evening and hoped that Fort Macon would not fire on his sidewheeler. White assured he would not.

惠特尔（Whittle）随后描述了他的逃生：“朝着酒吧蒸时，我发现三艘船聚集在一起，覆盖了封闭的频道……。我们全速前进……。盖帽者正在进行中，对我来说，宽阔的地方是我的道路。我跑到了北部和向东的最远地区，决心通过或沉没两艘船。我被赋予了通行权，并在三艘船的大火下经过。[16]

不知何故，纳什维尔escaped and plotted a course to Charleston. When Whittle neared the harbor’s entrance, he noted that it was heavily blockaded and decided to make for Georgetown, South Carolina. When纳什维尔他靠近Winyah湾的入口，注意到更多的盖帽者并停下了船，然后他们消失在地平线上。当惠特尔试图进入海湾时，纳什维尔ran aground. Confederate soldiers guarding the coastline hailed the steamer and Whittle replied, “This is the Confederate States steamer纳什维尔。”

一个新的目的

士兵们不敢相信这是著名的商业行动者。因此，轮船的指挥官会见了第10届南卡罗来纳州步兵的指挥官亚瑟·曼尼戈尔上校，他也是总部位于乔治敦的第一个南卡罗来纳州军事区负责人。Manigault为Whittle提供了飞行员，纳什维尔到达乔治敦。到达那里后，惠特尔（Whittle）被邀请到里士满，在那里他会见了海军史蒂芬·罗素·马洛里（Stephen Russell Mallory）的同盟秘书。惠特尔（Whittle）随后被派往查尔斯顿（Charleston），在那里他将船交给了买家弗雷泽（Fraser），特伦霍尔姆（Trenholm＆Company）。重命名Thomas L. Wragg,the vessel was a successful blockade runner until trapped in Savannah in late 1862. [17]

许多第一

这CSS纳什维尔是一艘独特的船。在内战期间，轮船接到了第一次海军大火，是第一个在北大西洋上服役的同盟国商务行动者，也是第一个被英国认可的同盟军舰。这款桨轮武装不佳。但是非常快，有能力纳什维尔to run the blockade five times. This warship was a symbol of the fledgling Confederate navy’s efforts to gain recognition from European powers.

Once in Georgetown, South Carolina, the steamer became a successful blockade runner,Thomas L. Wragg.一旦跑步者被困在萨凡纳附近，它就被卖给了私人响尾蛇直到1863年被铁推克US摧毁Montauk.然而，原始CSS纳什维尔在战争初期，在邦联的服务良好，并仍然是劳雷尔（Laurels）。

尾注

1保罗·H·西尔弗斯通，内战海军，Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,p.160.

2 Virgil Carrington Jones,这Civil War at Sea: The Blockaders，，，，vol. 1, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960, p. 74.

3 findagrave.com/memorial/93764917/robert-baker-pegram

4 Explanatory note: Many refer to纳什维尔’s armament as two 12-pounder brass howitzers. Pegram details the armament in his official report (ORN，p。748）说纳什维尔had two 6-pounders in pivot near the bow. Nevertheless, Silverstone (p. 160) and Scharf (p. 785) state otherwise.

5 J. Thomas Scharf,History of the Confederate Navy: From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel.纽约：Gramercy Books，1996年，第1页。785

6 Patricia L.Faust, ed.Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War。New York: Harper & Row,1986, pp. 762 and 827.

7 Scharf, p.785.

8叛乱战争中联盟和同盟海军的官方记录。(Hereinafter known asORN), series I, vol.1, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894, p. 746.

9 Ibid. p. 748.

10 Silverstone，p。24。

11浮士德，第1页。191。

12ORN，p。746

同上，第13页。747。

14同上

15 Ibid, p. 748

16 R.A.布罗克，编辑。这Southern Historical Society Papers。vol. XXXVIII, “Cruise of the Confederate States Steamer纳什维尔。”弗吉尼亚州里士满：南方历史学会，1910年，第1页。334。

17 Ibid, p.336.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

布罗克（R.A.），编辑。这Southern Historical Society Papers，ser。1.卷。1.“同盟国的巡游纳什维尔，，，，” Richmond, Virginia: The Southern Historical Society,1910.

浮士德，Patricia L.编辑。Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War。New York: Harpers & Row, 1986.

findagrave.com/memorial/93764917/robert-baker-pegram

Jones, Virgil Carrington.这Civil War at Sea: The Blockaders,Volume I. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.

叛乱战争中联盟和同盟海军的官方记录，，，，Series 1, Volume 1. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894.

Scharf, J. Thomas.History of the Confederate Navy: From Its Organization to the Surrender of Its Last Vessel.New York: Gramercy Books, 1996.

Silverstone，Paul H.内战海军：1855-1883。Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001.