Did the crew of USSMonitor第一次播放时听到“水龙头”？
I will attempt to answer this question, but you may be wondering why I asked it in the first place. It all started with a bugle and a memorial service for my father. I will come back to the memorial service in a moment, but first let me show you the bugle that drew my attention.
西班牙巡洋舰的号角Vizcaya在我们的捍卫海洋gallery.Vizcayawas sunk in 1898 during the Battle of Santiago, Cuba in the Spanish-American War. The bugle was recovered from the wreckage.
What was a bugle doing in a maritime museum, I asked? To some of you it may be obvious, but I had a lot of learning to do. Please come along with me on my journey from this bugle and my father’s memorial service to the bulge call we know as “Taps” and the crew of USSMonitor。
号角电话是音乐信号，宣布预定和某些非安排事件。他们也被用于战斗。我们经常将号角与军队联系起来，但在19世纪的军舰上使用了号角电话。下面的电话在USS的记录中找到北卡罗来纳和USS哥伦布从1825年开始。
Commodore’s Dinner Call
That explains why we have a bugle at a maritime museum, but what about”Taps” and the crew of USSMonitor?
让我们回到USS哥伦布for a moment. USS哥伦布was sent to California during the Mexican-American War in 1847, but she proved to be too large to be useful because of the lack of deep water ports in California.哥伦布被发送回东海岸和抵达,也没有吗folk on March 2, 1847. She stayed at the Norfolk Navy Yard, what became the Gosport Navy Yard, “in ordinary,” basically mothballed, until April 20, 1861. On that date, the Gosport Navy Yard was burned by exiting Union troops.
This was the same fire that burned USSMerrimack。Merrimackwas only burned to the waterline, so the hull and the ship’s engine were salvageable and were used by the Confederacy to produce CSS Virginia。这是CSS弗吉尼亚那是打击的Monitoron March 9, 1862 – the very first battle between ironclads. USSMonitorremained in the James River throughout the summer of 1862.
The Army of the Potomac launched a campaign to capture Richmond, Virginia during the summer of 1862. The campaign ended with the Seven Days Battle. At the end of this battle, Union troops under General George McClellan camped at Harrison’s Landing on the James River. USSMonitor也在哈里森的着陆点上。我们有两个来信Monitorcrew. Below are excerpts from their letters.
威廉·基勒（William Keeler），USSMonitorActing Paymaster, to his wife Anna
July 2, 1862
“下午8点在哈里森酒吧的锚点。沿着河流延伸数英里的帐篷城市沿着我们所能看到的，通过树林和开口，玉米和小麦田地是帐篷和士兵。”
威廉·基勒（William Keeler）
July 3, 1862
“在营地的中心，哈里森先生的优质住所。他的大小麦和玉米田地如此绿色，前一天的承诺现在被击败了坚硬的棕色。”
威廉·基勒（William Keeler）
1862年7月14日
“The building bears evident marks of age, the bricks of which it is constructed having been brought from England.这也是Pres not Harrison的出生地，也引起了更多的兴趣。”
George Geer, USSMonitorEngineer Yeoman, to his wife Martha
July 15, 1862
“We are still laying at our Ancorage and there is no news. This place was the home of Wm. Henry Harrison, President of the U.S., and the house occupied by the Army was the one in which he was Born.”
威廉·基勒（William Keeler）
August 1, 1862
This map was in William’s letter to Anna
We will leave the crew ofMonitor在哈里森（Harrison）的着陆点片刻，返回我父亲的追悼会。他是一名朝鲜战争的老兵，让一群退伍军人来他的追悼会来纪念他非常特别。作为仪式的一部分，在参加“敲击”之前，其中一名男子读了这个号角的历史。以下是他阅读的副本。
“ 1862年，联盟队长罗伯特·埃利科姆（Robert Ellicombe）在哈里森（Harrison）登陆的弗吉尼亚州哈里森（Harrison）登陆附近被他的士兵们陷入困境。在七天的战斗中，联盟军被联合队施压。
One night, Captain Ellicombe heard a wounded soldier moaning in the
no-man’s-land between the two armies. Risking his own life, the Captain moved out between the lines to carry the wounded man to safety. When he was finally back behind his own lines, Captain Ellicombe discovered that the young soldier he had carried was actually a Confederate and had died just as they reached the hospital tent.
Upon further inspection, the face of the Confederate soldier looked somewhat familiar. Suddenly, the Captain came to the shocking realization that the young man was his own son.
Consumed with grief, Captain Ellicombe asked to be able to bury his boy with military honors, but he was denied, because his son was a Confederate. However, he was allowed to have a bugler to play as his son was lowered into his grave.
当被问及他希望号码器要玩什么时，船长提供了他儿子一直在携带的一张纸。在纸上写了一系列二十四个笔记。据说这个令人困扰的场景是第一次玩“敲击”。”
这是一个可爱的故事，但似乎太完美了，难以置信。经过一些研究，我发现这个故事是由罗伯特·里普利（Robert Ripley）创作的Ripley’s信不信由你TV show in 1949! So now I had to find out what the true history of “Taps” really was. That brings us back to Harrison’s Landing.
古斯托夫·科布（Gustov Kobbe）的一篇文章题为《露营和战斗中的小号》（The Trumpet in Camp and Battle）于1898年在《世纪》杂志上发表，一个名为奥利弗·诺顿（Oliver Norton）的布格勒（Oliver Norton）写信给该杂志的编辑。以下是奥利弗·诺顿（Oliver Norton）信的摘录。
“General Daniel Butterfield, then commanding our Brigade, sent for me, and, showing me some notes on a staff written in pencil on the back of an envelope, asked me to sound them on my bugle. I did this several times playing the music as written. He changed it somewhat lengthening some notes and shortening others, but retaining the melody as he first gave it to me.
“After getting it to his satisfaction he directed me to sound that call for ‘Taps’ thereafter in place of the regulation call.
“The music was beautiful on that still summer night and was heard far beyond the limits of our brigade.
“The next day I was visited by several buglers from neighboring brigades asking for copies of the music, which I gladly furnished. I think no general order was issued from Army Headquarters authorizing the substitution of this for the regulation call, but as each brigade commander exercised his own discretion in such minor matters, the call was gradually taken up all through the Army of the Potomac.
After receiving Norton’s letter, the Century editor wrote to Daniel Butterfield. This is a portion of the letter he received from General Butterfield.
“The call of ‘Taps’ did not seem to be as smooth, melodious and musical as it should be, and I called in someone who could write music, and practiced a change in the call of ‘Taps’ until I had it to suit my ear, and then, as Norton writes, got it to my taste without being able to write music or knowing the technical name of any note, but, simply by ear, arranged it as Norton describes.”
这是当时正在使用的“熄灭灯”或“ taps”的版本。
熄灭灯
General Butterfield said that he wanted a “smoother, more melodious and musical” “To Extinguish Lights” or “Taps.” It seems that General Butterfield was not composing a melody in Norton’s presence, but arranging or revising an existing one. He seems to have been revising the last six measures of the “Scott Tattoo” from a manual written by Winfield Scott that was in use from 1835 – 1860. A Tattoo was the bugle call notifying soldiers to assemble for the final roll call of the day.
丹尼尔·巴特菲尔德（Daniel Butterfield）在战前担任团长，并且会熟悉这个号角电话。当时的所有军官都必须知道号角电话，并希望能够打电话。以下是整个“斯科特纹身”。
斯科特纹身
In use from 1835 – 1860
Below are the last six and one-fourth measures of the “Scott Tattoo” and a copy of “Taps.”
最后六和四分之一的“斯科特纹身”。
水龙头
作为内战期间的号角队，奥利弗·诺顿很可能会在战前使用另一个版本的纹身版本。诺顿似乎不知道较早的纹身，即“斯科特纹身”，否则他会认识到那天晚上。
看起来“水龙头”的谜团已经解决。Butterfield将军从未声称写“ Taps”。直到《世纪杂志》文章出现后，该活动甚至才记录下来。那是在发生36年后。
退休的大师贾里·维拉努埃娃（Jari Villanueva）被认为是该国在号角“ Taps”中最重要的权威。维拉努埃瓦大师在华盛顿特区的波林空军基地的美国空军乐队任职，并且是哈里森登陆的“水龙头”撰写150周年的负责人。在他的书《 24》的书中注意到深度情绪he writes:
“On a good clear night, the sound of a bugle will travel 1 or 2 miles away. So the other buglers heard it – and they picked it up right away.
Pretty soon everyone was playing “Taps” to signal ‘Lights Out’ – even the Confederates. It transcended the politics of the war and the conflict between North and South.”
Villanueva先生的话将我们带到USS的工作人员Monitor。He reminds us that the sound of a bugle can travel one or two miles. We know from Oliver Norton’s letter that “Taps” was heard “far beyond the limits of our brigade.”
Did the crew of USSMonitor第一次播放时听到“水龙头”？I think it is definitely possible they heard it played soon after it started being used if they did not hear it played for the very first time. Both George Geer and William Keeler write from Harrison’s Landing on multiple days. George Geer writes from Harrison’s Landing as late as August 24, 1862. I would like to think that the crew of USSMonitor听到“抽头”演奏！由于我们没有任何人的书面记录，因此我不能确定。你怎么看？
All of the recordings used in this blog were taken from the albumDay is Done: 150th Anniversary of Taps并经Jari Villanueva的许可使用。