我们都知道纸不是exactly那里最防水的材料之一。实际上，水暴露是我认为是纸质保护者的纸质物体损坏的最常见原因之一。仅举几例，它可能引起重大问题，例如失真，染色，媒体丢失和霉菌。因此，水是许多类型的保护处理的关键部分，这是有些违反直觉的。人们常常感到震惊的是，沐浴纸（是的，听起来像是这样）是一种普遍的做法，并取得了积极的效果！在这篇文章中，我们将探讨一些在不同层面上与纸张相互作用的方式，保护者如何利用和利用这些相互作用来治疗状况问题，以及如果不受组织检查，这些相互作用如何造成重大且无法弥补的损害。
造纸 - 湿的起点
To understand paper’s relationship with water, we have to go back to the beginning – papermaking. True paper is defined as a non-woven mat of fibers formed by draining water from a slurry. The water holds the fibers in a suspension into which a screen called a mold is dipped and drawn upward, allowing the water to drain and the fibers to settle into a layer over the screen. To ensure an even distribution, the mold is shaken back and forth while the water drains, causing many of the fibers to orient in the direction of the movement before coming out of the water. This causes a characteristic called “grain” in a finished piece of paper.
纸的颗粒主要影响机械性能，例如它会在一定方向上折叠或撕裂的方式，但它也会影响随后的水暴露会如何影响其余生的纸张！在存在水分（甚至相对较少的水分）的情况下，一张纸会膨胀全部从摄入水进入各个纤维之间的方向，但它会扩展到更大程度上穿过谷物。
这意味着，如果晶粒方向在给定的纸上垂直（即，许多纸纤维在纸板内垂直定向 - 当纸张湿润时，它实际上将在整个水平尺寸上变得更宽。根据造纸过程和技术，一些论文将比其他论文扩展更多，而扩展实际上可能是非常戏剧性的。
The water used for papermaking can also be responsible for the chemical makeup of the paper by way of additives or impurities. The quality of the water is important since the chemicals present will usually end up trapped inside the finished sheet of paper. Poor quality water can leave metallic particles – most commonly iron or copper – which cause damage to the paper as they age and corrode. Other water sources may contain calcium, which will act as a neutralizing agent for acids formed by the paper during aging, thereby internally stabilizing the sheet over time.
简而言之，水是纸张的中心且不可或缺的一部分，并且对其固有特性产生了重大影响。
加湿– Loosen up!
保护者使用水来处理纸张的最常见方法之一就是通过加湿。Humidification以蒸气形式将水引入纸张中（有时也使用了薄雾或细滴件来更快的结果），以增加整体水含量。加湿一张纸的目的是利用纸张内部和纤维之间的键的变化（即破裂或松动）。纸张中存在更多的水，整体结构变得更加灵活和放松，纤维可以更轻松地彼此移动。宏观特征如皱纹，褶皱或卷发，由于纤维彼此粘合的方式而被“锁定”到纸上，现在可以通过仔细的处理来操纵。
控制水在干燥时如何退出纸张与这些类型的治疗中的初始润湿一样重要。确保板在正确的位置或形状的同时干燥时会鼓励粘合在正确的位置形成和增强，从而在干燥时保持形状。由于所需的结果几乎总是要使不需要的扭曲变平，因此通常在一定的重量下进行干燥，以防止床单在干燥过程中收缩时的自由移动。下图显示了使用加湿的TMP收藏品（“巴拿马运河的建设”，1912年，银明胶）的使用加湿的全景照片。
Dangers of Uncontrolled Humidification
The entire process of humidification and subsequent drying is carefully managed during treatment, since uncontrolled humidification can lead to a number of problems. The first is the same process described above for flattening paper, but with the opposite effect. Paper rarely will “choose” to be flat when allowed some freedom, especially if it cannot wet or dry evenly because it is partially constrained in some way, such as the pages in a book or a print taped to a backing board around the edges. Excess humidity can also damage paper by encouraging natural aging reactions to occur. Water is a necessary ingredient in the chemical reactions that break down the cellulose in paper, and when in a humid environment, these reactions occur faster, causing the paper to become brittle and yellowed. Finally, an extended humid environment creates an ideal breeding ground for mold, which will eat away at the paper and sometimes cause significant and irreversible staining.
洗澡 - 比在
Bathing is another common practice in paper conservation involving water. The main difference between humidifying and bathing is the amount of water used and the format in which it is delivered into the paper. For humidification, water is delivered in vapor form, slowly, until the paper is只是轻松。对于沐浴，以液态引入水，并将薄板充分饱和。
沐浴的目的是将材料移入纸张中。随着纸张的年龄，纤维素和其他成分分解成酸性化学副产品。这些副产品的颜色为黄色至棕色，这就是为什么旧纸随着时间的推移看起来更黑的原因。此外，纸张中酸性成分的存在鼓励进一步的化学降解发生，从而使纸张分解得更快。幸运的是，对于纸制保护者，这些讨厌的副产品可溶于水。
The function of bathing is dependent on the concept of diffusion. Diffusion is the net movement of solubilized materials in solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to achieve equilibrium, or even distribution. When a piece of paper is submerged in plain water, there is a much higher concentration of acid components in the paper than in the water, so the acids are drawn out into the bath water until there is an equilibrium. The bath water can then be replaced with clean water multiple times, drawing out more and more acids, until there is little to none left in the paper. The result is a cleaner, brighter, and more stable piece of paper.
这个想法也可以反向使用。在某些情况下，希望将碱性材料（例如氢氧化钙）放入纸张中，以随着时间的推移形成酸。为此，将氢氧钙溶于浴水。随着浴中氢氧化钙的浓度高于纸张，氢氧化钙将移入纸张，直到平衡为止。
除了将事物移入和退出纸张外，水的存在有助于在纸纤维之间重新建立一些化学键，这些纸纤维可能会随着时间的推移而由于酸性分解而破裂，从而使纸张沐浴后的脆皮和更灵活。
不受控制的水的危险暴露
现在，您的本能仍然可能告诉您，将重要的文件或印刷品扔进水桶是灾难的秘诀，在许多方面，您的本能是绝对正确的！不受控制的液态水可能会导致一张纸的大量问题。最明显的是流血墨水或其他媒体。在保护者甚至考虑沐浴纸之前，发生了大量的测试，不仅是为了保护诸如媒体之类的可见组件，而且还不太明显，例如尺寸或更亮的代理。最后，一些物体根本无法安全地洗澡。但是，在某些情况下，可以通过添加溶剂或更改pH（使其更具碱性或酸性）来改变水的溶解作用。
在其他情况下，可以更改施用水的方法以避免损害媒体。用于控制水作用的许多这样的沐浴技术之一是吸力。在这种方法中，将水施加在真空上，该真空立即通过纸张吸收水，减少液体水悬浮在纸张中的时间，从而减少了造成损害的时间。
随着纸张的膨胀和合同，一张纸的润湿和干燥不均会导致称为“ Cockling”的皱纹表面。此外，它可能会导致称为“潮汐”的污渍，大多数人通常将其称为“水污渍”。
When only a small area of paper gets wetted, the acidic byproducts present in the paper are solubilized and can move freely within that area. When the water evaporates, it does so starting from the outer edges of the wet area and moving inward. Since the water is evaporating, but the acids are not, they are left in a high concentration at the edge of the wet spot, thus leaving a stain. To avoid tidelines, conservators try to use water overall rather than locally when possible, or carefully control the drying and evaporation of the water if working in a small area.
最后,论文与水饱和naturally weakened and can easily tear during handling. (Think about trying to pick up a wet tissue!) To make it possible to move the paper when wet, conservators use a support sheet (usually a polyester webbing material) to avoid handling the paper directly and causing physical damage.
Water is an important and powerful substance which, left unchecked, can cause all sorts of problems for a delicate material like paper. However, with an understanding of the underlying interactions between paper and water, its power can be harnessed and used for good! Obviously the use of water in paper conservation goes way beyond humidification and bathing, but these techniques make use of water in a raw and direct fashion, which tends to surprise those unfamiliar with the field.
现在，我可能不使用相当与监视器保护者一样多的水，但也许我们没有那么不同？毕竟，是水连接我们的水！
Fascinating, and well told.