感谢所有遵循琐事比赛的人。对于那些渴望知道自己做得如何的人，这是答案！
Race 1: Why do the names of most of Oracle Team USA’s racing boats include the number “17”?
Answer: All of Larry Ellison’s America’s Cup boats have been named or included the number “17” in honor of Ellison’s maxi yachtSayonara(her mainsail carried the number US-17). In 1998 Ellison sailedSayonara在悉尼到霍巴特的比赛中。那一年，这场628个传统的比赛遭到了一场可怕的风暴的袭击，这场风暴用飓风风和高耸的海洋炸毁了舰队。开始比赛的115艘船中只有44艘完成。六名水手死亡，其他许多水手必须从比赛中空运。Sayonarawas the first boat to finish the harrowing race and it was a life-changing experience for Ellison.
Race 2: In the start of Race 2, OTUSA’s skipper Jimmy Spithill had excellent positioning and even managed to “hook” ETNZ, which forced Dean Barker to turn high into the wind to avoid contact, and yet, Barker still made it first to the starting line. Why?
Answer: Spithill’s positioning in both races on September 7th had been good but both times he was late accelerating to the starting line. As it turned out, it wasn’t Spithill’s problem butUSA-17’sstarting software (which tells the skipper when to pull the trigger and accelerate towards the starting line). The final development and on-the-water testing of the software, which was developed in-house by Jose Luis Vela, had been put on hold during the jury investigation of the team’s alleged cheating during the America’s Cup World Series events. The acceleration calculation part of the program was flawed and was telling Spithill he still had two or three seconds to kill. Vela and team coordinator Ian Burns worked all night on the software and by Race 3 the software was working better.
Race 3: What did Emirates Team New Zealand call the reinforcing structure underneath ofAotearoa’splatform? What problem did it cause?
答案：阿联酋航空团队新西兰称为邮政和电线僵硬的结构Aotearoa’s平台“大中央车站”。它引起的问题是寄生的阻力。顾名思义，“拖动”是减慢船的速度。寄生的阻力是由诸如不完美的皮肤光滑度（刮擦，污垢，粗糙度）或船只不同部位的相交所引起的，这些船的相互作用 - 造成空气或水流在船上的流动。如果您正在航行低速寄生寄生的阻力，这并不是真正的问题，但是随着船速的增加，寄生阻力的影响会变得更糟。随着AC72在30-40节范围内的平均速度，Oracle的空气动力学平台设计并没有遇到相同的阻力问题，并给了他们速度优势。
Race 4: Between the Louis Vuitton series and the America’s Cup match ETNZ installed spoilers, affectionately called “pie warmers,” on their stern crossbeam. What problem were they trying to solve?
Answer:According to Tom Speer, the air moving acrossAotearoa’s平台被迫在机翼端板下方，但是当它到达端板的Lee侧时，没有什么可以阻止它或重定向的，因此它将其卷成尾随的涡流（本质上是能量损失）。Etnz将扰流板安装在Aotearoa’s船尾横梁努力夺回一些损失的能量。设计Otusa-17platform did not have this problem thanks to the central pod which pushed the air aft and under the stern crossbeam.
Race 5: What maneuver did tactician John Kostecki call for that led to OTUSA’s loss of Race 5? [Just because I think it’s hysterical when you take the AC50 and 2017 America’s Cup match into account, Larry Ellison’s response to the maneuver was: “That was a massive tactical blunder. Oh yeah, and there’s no such thing as a ………”]
Answer: The maneuver John Kostecki called for was a foiling tack. OTUSA led on the first two legs when Kostecki called for the maneuver and it failed spectacularly.USA-17从箔纸上掉下来，向前的动力停滞不前，美国立即失去了大部分领先优势。
Part of the reason I think Ellison’s 2013 comment is so hysterical is that the second half of his comment was “that’s delusional sailing, a video game fantasy maneuver.” By 2017, any team that WASN’T completing perfect foiling tacks was the loser.
(AP Photo/Eric Risberg)
Race 6: What change did OTUSA make after Race 5 and what was the immediate, noticeable impact of the change on board the boat?
Answer: After the loss of Race 5 Oracle Team USA replaced American tactician John Kostecki with British Olympic sailing champion Sir Ben Ainslie. This was serious, making such a dramatic crew change after the start of a series had never proven successful for any other America’s Cup team that had tried it. Almost immediately there was a change on the boat in the form of increased, better communication between Spithill, Ainslie and Tom Slingsby (strategist). The change lead to better strategy and tactics and reduced tactical errors.
Race 7: What major design change did OTUSA institute after this race that affected the outcome of the entire series? [There are actually four. I am only looking for the one that had the greatest effect, but if you can name all of them I’ll give you a few extra points!]
Answer:USA-17was suffering from a lee-helm problem and was also underpowered. After Race 7 Oracle made major modifications to both the wing and platform. The structure of the platform was changed so they sailors could put more camber in the wing (increasing the range of camber meant more lift, more lift meant more power when sailing upwind). They also changed the shape and set up of the wing in order to lower its center of effort and move its overall loading down and aft (changed the leech profile; modified the wing’s control system to increase the wing’s twist profile; modified the tabs in the middle element to increase the size of the slot between the main and flap elements). The changes gave the boat better balance and eliminated the lee-helm problem which increased OTUSA’s foiling capabilities and speed.
Other changes which may have aided the boats fore-aft balance were recutting the jib to make it flatter and smaller; changing the rig so the jib could be cast off earlier in tacks; and shortening the bowsprit to reduce windage and weight (only used long bowsprit in light wind-Races 13 and 16).
Race 8:Oracle Team USA-17was noticeably faster and more stable in this race which allowed for more aggressive tactics on Oracle’s part. When ETNZ tried to take control of the situation what was the result?
Answer: On the third leg, in an attempt to out-maneuver a quickly approaching Oracle, ETNZ performed a quick tack right onto Oracle’s path. ETNZ’s wing was not self-tacking and apparently they didn’t have enough hydraulic pressure to move the wing. Overpowered, the wing nearly tookAotearoaover. She rolled over to an impressive 44.8 degrees of heal. Luckily, the sailors kept grinding and when enough pressure was generated the sail kicked over and the platform dropped back to the water. I am positive that quite a few crew uniforms needed laundering that evening.
Race 9: What “device” did OTUSA’s designers apply to its rudders to reduce cavitation? (There were a number of names for this thing. I’ll accept any one of them.)
为了额外的信用，谁设计了？
额外的,额外的信贷,除了减少cavitation what was an added benefit of the change?
Answer: Both teams were having problems with cavitation around their rudders and foils. Cavitation occurs when the water flowing over a fast moving surface vaporizes and forms steam bubbles. Those bubbles increase drag and decrease the hydrofoil’s ability to generate lift. The rapid bursting and reforming of those bubbles causes intense vibration and, for Oracle, it was stripping the surfaces off the rudder where the greatest cavitation was occurring. It was too late to redesign the dagger boards so Oracle’s hydrofoil expert, Paul Bieker, assisted by boat builder Manu Armenazas, added a fairing consisting of a protruding bulb (on the front edge) and fillet, or tapered point (at the rear edge), to the intersection of the rudder’s strut and horizontal stabilizer.
Bieker made this change without any sort of computer or model testing—it was based on pure instinct. In fact, some of the other designers said the bulb on the front was unnecessary but Bieker insisted upon keeping it. Later, when flow analysis tests came back from a super-computer in Italy they showed that not only was the front bulb necessary, the fairing itself was adding 4/10ths of a knot of speed downwind.
Other names for the fairing were “spear fairing,” “cavitation bulb and fillet,” “rudder spear” and “stinger.”
Photographer Jan Pehrson
Race 10: By Race 10, all of the structural modifications and crew training were beginning to pay off for Oracle Team USA. In Race 9, OTUSA gained on every leg. Race 10 stands as the “height of the battle” between the two contenders. How many lead changes were there in Race 10? For extra credit, what was the largest delta between the two boats when rounding the marks?
答：比赛期间有四个领先的变化。分数最大的三角洲为11秒。
周五比赛11:2013年9月13日,几率were Los Angeles bookies rumored to be laying against Oracle Team USA winning the Cup?
答：惊人的700比1！
Race 12: What was Oracle’s top speed on Leg 3? For extra credit, what was Oracle’s average speed on Leg 3?
答：甲骨水手在腿3上挫败了船和OTUSA-17hit a top speed of 36.9 knots despite sailing AGAINST the wind! Their average speed on Leg 3 was 24.9 knots. Oracle’s tacking was also getting better. Their lowest speed in their slowest tack was almost 11 knots and on one tack they “slowed” to 17 knots.
Race 13: During the 34th America’s Cup, how many races had to be postponed because of wind issues (i.e. too high, too low, blowing in the wrong direction)?
答：由于风问题，必须推迟九场比赛。在旧金山湾航行可能非常具有挑战性，在球场上航行时，团队经历了各种各样的条件。与其他种族不同，每场比赛都必须计算2013年的风限，以解释潮汐和潮流。例如，种族9发生在退潮期间。Race 9的风限量为20.8节，这是23节标称限制减去2.2节的EBB电流。在比赛5中，风限量为24.9节（23节标称限制加上1.9节的洪水电流）。
Race 14: What change did Oracle make to their boat between races 13 and 14 and what did the change enable?
Answer: Before Race 14, Oracle made a final change to their wing control system to enable rapid adjustment of the wing setup. The change meant Oracle could quickly adjust the wing’s setup to accommodate changing wind conditions. For example, if the wind weakened during a race, Oracle could ‘mode’ the wing before the next race to allow more camber up high which meant the wing could generate more power in the light air.Aotearoa’s设计并未使ETNZ具有相同的能力。
Race 15: During the series Oracle made a change to their crew choreography that helped the boat accelerate faster and get up on its foils sooner. It also enabled more stable foiling. What was the change and what was it affectionately called by the team?
Answer: The crew changed the choreography to dedicate three of their grinding pedestals purely to powering the wing trim. The change allowed Kyle Langford to employ more aggressive wing trimming techniques. With the winch constantly powered, Langford could constantly trim and ease the traveler, often even slipping the line while the winch was turning. The team affectionately called the times this aggressive wing trimming was employed “beast mode.”
Race 16: Jimmy Spithill seems to be the type of guy who is motivated by being told he can’t do something and by extension motivates his teammates by never giving up. What physical disability did Spithill overcome despite a doctor’s insistence that “it is unlikely he will ever be any good at sports”?
答：Spithill出生时右脚有轻微变形（他缺少A脚趾，另外两个被织布给）。到他的右脚十二岁的时候，他的尺寸小三个尺寸，右腿比左手短两英寸。这个问题引起了明显的li行和严重的下背痛。斯皮尔（Spithill）不仅可以帮助解决他的身体问题，而且还为他的身体问题提供了荣誉，而且还要在他身上发火，以证明他可以通过努力工作并保持永无止境的态度来克服任何挑战。
Race 17: Only one other series in America’s Cup history had lasted as long as the 2013 race. What year did it happen and who were the competitors?
Answer: The second longest series in America’s Cup history occurred in 1899 whenColumbiadefended against challengerShamrock。That match lasted from October 3 to October 20th. The first race was started on October 3 but was abandoned. Then比赛在第5，第7、10、12、13、14场比赛被遗弃。他们设法在16和17比赛中比赛，但在19日放弃了最后一场比赛。终于在20日举行了比赛，尽管在非常轻的空气中。因此，从技术上讲，即使只是三场比赛，它是从预定的开始到2013年最长的比赛。对于那些猜到2003年的人，在16天，这是第三个最长的系列赛。
在比赛开始时，看看这些速度。
Race 18: The top speed of the AC72 was reached during this race. Which team did it and how fast were they going?
Answer: Robert Kamins and I considered the answer to this question very carefully. The highest speed posted in numerous places is 47.57 knots which was accomplished by Emirates Team New Zealand. However! I am going to part ways with Wikipedia in this instance. Since that number is not footnoted and appears to reflect the maximum speed-over-ground reached on Leg 4 (not Leg 1 as Wikipedia states) I am going with the maximum speed-over-ground listed in the cumulative data tables built by the Cupinfo team which was an astounding 48.12 knots (55.38 mph!) on Leg 1.
Race 19: What design feature did CEO Grant Simmer and aerodynamics expert Tom Speer credit with giving OTUSA a speed advantage over Emirates Team New Zealand?
Answer: Both Tom Speer and Grant Simmer credited the central pod as the one thing that madeOTUSA-17本质上比Aoteoroa。总经理格兰特·史密默（Grant Simmer）说：“我们的坦克中比他们多得多，我认为坦克在豆荚里。”
设计USA-17’s platform was aerodynamically “clean.” First, the shape and location of the pod acted like a two-meter extension of the wing sail’s span. Additionally, the pod, working in concert with the wing and jib end plates, forced the air that flowed under the platform under the stern crossbeam which gave the boat extra lift and a power boost thanks to reduced drag (induced).